FIRST ARTICLE
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THE WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system is a program that acts as an intermediary between an operator or user and the computer hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to provide an interface with which the user can execute programs. In this age of computers, however, the operating system also plays the very important role of providing a simple and easy to use environment so that the user is able to utilize the computer and its peripheral components efficiently.
An operating system is similar to a government. The components of the computer system are its hardware, software and data. The operating system provides the means for the proper use of these resources in the operating system governs its ministries, that is, the various components so that useful work can be carried out.
Nowadays, most personal computers come preinstalled with the Microsoft Windows operating system. Microsoft Windows started life as Microsoft’s take on the graphical user interface (GUI). Windows 3.0, Windows 3.1, and Windows 3.11 for workgroups were the three earliest versions of Microsoft Windows. These versions of Windows were not true operating systems, but were actually operating environments. They were not stand alone operating systems and could only be installed on the computer after the installation of Microsoft DOS (short for Disk Operating System).
Windows 95 was a major upgrade to the Windows 3.x family. Windows 95 was a true operating system and not just an operating environment. Windows 95 was released with an integrated DOS upgrade that allowed users to startup in DOS mode as well as provided shell to DOS from the Windows environment. One advantage of Windows 95 was its improved graphical user interface, which made working with files and programs easier than the earlier versions. Another advantage of Windows 95 was that most programs could run faster because it was written to take advantage of the 32-bit processor technology and supported cooperative multitasking. Window 95 included support for peer to peer networking as well as electronic mail. Windows 95 did not, however, include the tools for developing Internet Web pages or operating Web page servers.
After sometime, Windows 98, an upgrade to Windows 95, was introduced. Windows 98 was able to provide faster system startups and shutdowns, better file management, support for some multimedia technologies such as digital video disks (DVDs) and Web TV. Windows 98’s internet integration allowed for automatic delivery of Web pages to a user’s computer and an optional Web page-like user interface. Like Windows 95, Windows 98 could run on both 16-bit and 32-bit software, which meant that it still provided backward compatibility for software designed for the Microsoft DOS systems. Windows 98 also came with excellent online help specifically designed to troubleshoot hardware and software problems. The major setback users found with this operating system was that it was prone to sudden irrecoverable system suspensions or hangs which led to loss or corruption of valuable input data.
From 1993 onwards, Microsoft also released its Windows NT (short for New Technology) series of operating systems for management of client server networks on a sophisticated graphical user interface. Windows NT was complete operating systems; not just an operating environment. Windows NT had the capability of working with multiple CPUs (central processing units) using symmetric multiprocessing, pre-emptive multitasking, and multithreading. It also supported most major network communications protocols, and provided user and account system security.
For the new millennium, Microsoft introduced upgrades to both Windows 98 and Windows NT. These were Windows ME (short for Millennium Edition) and Windows 2000 respectively. However, it seemed that Microsoft simply wanted to release upgrades to their operating systems for that momentous year and there were not much improvements to either software. To make matter worse, Windows ME was notoriously more uristable than its predecessor and many users who had tried out the millennium Edition went back to Windows 98 in disgust.
In 2001, Microsoft redeemed itself with the release of Windows XP (short for Experience). Windows XP is a boon for home users as it weds the Windows 98 and Windows NT capabilities. Windows XP brought to the consumer line of Windows many features previously available only in the server and workstation-oriented Windows NT family, such as greater stability and efficiency due to its pure 32-bit kernel, instead of the hybrid 16-bit/32-bit kernel in Windows 98 and Windows ME. It offers more efficient software management to avoid the problems with DLLs (dynamic link libraries) that plagued older consumer versions of Windows. Windows XP brings an overhaul of the graphical user interface (GUI) that Microsoft promotes as more user-friendly than all previous versions of Windows. Windows XP is also the first consumer version of Windows to use product activation to combat software piracy.
SECOND ARTICLE
SECOND ARTICLE
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WIRELESS SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
Wireless communication technology uses a card to access the radio frequency reserved for wireless communication. Cards can be sold separately or be built into the technology. Wireless communication makes electronic communication possible in places where laying down wires and cables is an insufficient option. A lot of type’s wireless communication is mobile technology, such as two way radios and GPS systems. However, wireless communication can also be stationary. For example, satellite television.
A communication satellite is a satellite stationed in geosynchronous orbit that acts as a microwave relay station, receiving signals sent from a ground-based station (earth station), amplifying them, and retransmitting them on a different frequency to another ground based station. Initially used for telephone for telephone and television signals, communications satellite can also be used for high speed transmission of various multimedia services such as data communication, video and graphic image transfer and interactive conferencing.
Many satellites now orbit the earth, bringing satellite communication to almost all parts of the globe. To use a satellite, all you need is terminal hardware at your station and the leasing of bandwidth. You will need a big receiving dish, if the signal in your area is weak.
There are basically four types of communication, and these are Information broadcasting is used for one-way communication. Data can be transmitted simultaneously in real time to a number of sites. Point-to-point transmission allows two way communications between satellite terminals and is ideal for isolated parts of the world. On this network you can have various multimedia services such as data transfer and video conferencing. A hub or star network provides two-way communication over a shared bandwidth between large numbers sites. All the information is processed by a central hub, which is a head office before being transmitted via satellite to remote sites. A mesh network enables several terminals to communicate directly without the need for a hub. It is typically used for voice applications.
Wireless connectivity solutions offer residences and business a reliable, real time voice and data connection at competitive rates. Customers can takes advantage of microwave technology features such as mobility, low fixed cost services, fast and easy development with the quality and reliability of their counterpart wired lines. Whether you are involved in mining, construction projects or scheduled to work at sites where LANs are impossible to implement, wireless voice and Ethernet solutions can enable you to communicate and coordinate activities more effectively. Satellite communication system offers point-to-point or point-to-multipoint access at bandwidth relative to your business demands further deployment of your wireless network can follow your business growth.
Wireless communication has made electronic communication more accessible by allowing you access to communication technology while mobile. Wireless communication technology can also be more cost effective than standard electronic communication methods. Satellite Earth Stations can be extended with high performance wireless LAN and access products that use frequency hopping, spread spectrum radio technology.
You are likely to experience more interference with wireless communication than standard electronic communication because of how many people are sharing access to the wireless communication radio frequency.
Satellite communication systems can offer fully integrated wireless solutions, including, High-speed Wireless Internet Access, Wireless LAN, Wireless WAN and IP Broadband Wireless Local Loops. This same internetworking technology also allows seamless connectivity between Satellite Hubs to provide Virtual Private LANs, International Foreign Exchanges Services and support for International Call Centres.
THIRD ARTICLE
THIRD ARTICLE
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http://handbooks.homeless.org.uk/streetoutreach/positiveservice/staff/recruitment/recruitsoimpor
RECRUITMENT
Recruitment is the process of finding and attracting job candidates who are qualified to fill job vacancies. Recruitment can occur in a variety of setting, both inside and outside the organization. Both internal and external recruitment have certain advantages and disadvantages.
Internal recruitment involves identifying potential internal candidates and encouraging them to apply for and willing to accept organizational jobs that are vacant. Methods of internal recruitment include job banks, employee referral systems, job postings and advertisements in company. Every organization represents an internal labor market to some degree. Many employees, both entry level and upper level aspire to move up the ranks through promotion. Promotion from within conveys a positive message that there are ways to move up within the organization.
It becomes more feasible when companies invest in training and development activities. At higher levels, transfers can be an important development tool for acquiring additional job knowledge, as well as a means for upward mobility. Both promotion and transfer policies can create a favorable climate for attracting qualified employees and retaining valued ones.
External recruitment involves advertising for and soliciting applicants from outside the company. If internal sources do not produce an acceptable candidate or if it is decided that the best candidate would comes from the outside, a wide variety of external sources are available. These sources differ in terms of ease of use, cost, and the quality of applicants obtained.
A great company can’t be built without great people, and that requires attention and commitment to the recruiting process. According to a foremost authority on hiring, the best way to select people who will thrive in the company is to identify the personal characteristic of people who are already thriving and hire people just like them.
